{"record":{"id":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","title":"Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol","type":"Technique","source_url":"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","status":"active","rights":"Source metadata only; source notices retained; no operational prose or payloads","review_status":"machine-extracted; source-specific checks passed, editorial review pending","stix_id":"attack-pattern--a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776","external_id":"T1048","domain":"enterprise","created":"2017-05-31T21:30:44.720Z","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:48.106Z","version":"1.6","aliases":[],"tactics":["exfiltration"],"source_references":[{"source_name":"University of Birmingham C2","url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1408.1136"},{"source_name":"Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016","url":"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/10/unit42-oilrig-malware-campaign-updates-toolset-and-expands-targets/"},{"source_name":"20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques","url":"https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"}]},"assertions":[{"id":"enterprise:relationship--0c994569-1793-4d11-821e-bbf7c6c98278","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:S0482","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--0c994569-1793-4d11-821e-bbf7c6c98278","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:52.817Z","references":[{"source_name":"20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques","url":"https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--1b29f7b8-78fe-4bae-b943-59641a12a023","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:S0428","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--1b29f7b8-78fe-4bae-b943-59641a12a023","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:52.945Z","references":[{"source_name":"Talos PoetRAT April 2020","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/04/poetrat-covid-19-lures.html"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--231ed92a-eb30-453c-b808-495807e54857","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:G1040","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--231ed92a-eb30-453c-b808-495807e54857","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:53.130Z","references":[{"source_name":"CISA Play Ransomware Advisory December 2023","url":"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-352a"},{"source_name":"Trend Micro Ransomware Spotlight Play July 2023","url":"https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/ransomware-spotlight/ransomware-spotlight-play"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--4867dbb4-1e1b-45f6-9070-8e2c0c303638","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:M1030","predicate":"mitigates","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--4867dbb4-1e1b-45f6-9070-8e2c0c303638","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:53.284Z","references":[{"source_name":"TechNet Firewall Design","url":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc700828.aspx"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--4e73a249-94d5-4a52-9da4-a89da10d1c30","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:G0139","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--4e73a249-94d5-4a52-9da4-a89da10d1c30","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:53.420Z","references":[{"source_name":"Cisco Talos Intelligence Group","url":"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/teamtnt-targeting-aws-alibaba-2/"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--682b7ced-a03b-4403-a058-9bc627c62f16","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:S0631","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--682b7ced-a03b-4403-a058-9bc627c62f16","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:53.614Z","references":[{"source_name":"Cybereason Chaes Nov 2020","url":"https://www.cybereason.com/hubfs/dam/collateral/reports/11-2020-Chaes-e-commerce-malware-research.pdf"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--6b9361fc-6a9e-4fc3-bc53-72a3f616869a","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048.002","predicate":"subtechnique-of","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--6b9361fc-6a9e-4fc3-bc53-72a3f616869a","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:53.738Z","references":[],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--6c1c4fa3-7b48-4d9e-ab23-5f0c5dd4e98a","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:M1057","predicate":"mitigates","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--6c1c4fa3-7b48-4d9e-ab23-5f0c5dd4e98a","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:53.884Z","references":[],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--6eec2d79-1d59-459d-af33-b186ece9748b","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:M1037","predicate":"mitigates","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--6eec2d79-1d59-459d-af33-b186ece9748b","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:54.074Z","references":[],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--76d837ed-157b-44e0-a6bf-189ffc3239c3","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048.003","predicate":"subtechnique-of","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--76d837ed-157b-44e0-a6bf-189ffc3239c3","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:50.515Z","references":[],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--7bdcd3e6-f741-4f62-9495-3111309adad8","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:M1031","predicate":"mitigates","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--7bdcd3e6-f741-4f62-9495-3111309adad8","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:54.198Z","references":[],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--8f064578-a664-4d9e-a907-ec85ef5839b0","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:S0503","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--8f064578-a664-4d9e-a907-ec85ef5839b0","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:54.397Z","references":[{"source_name":"SentinelOne FrameworkPOS September 2019","url":"https://labs.sentinelone.com/fin6-frameworkpos-point-of-sale-malware-analysis-internals-2/"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--91cd43d9-17cb-41d3-b62d-4b79030f4384","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:S0641","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--91cd43d9-17cb-41d3-b62d-4b79030f4384","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:54.478Z","references":[{"source_name":"ESET Kobalos Jan 2021","url":"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ESET_Kobalos.pdf"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--9238d096-ed26-4a93-829e-d67ee3abc93c","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048.001","predicate":"subtechnique-of","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--9238d096-ed26-4a93-829e-d67ee3abc93c","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:54.555Z","references":[],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--c5a0e330-ec5a-49cc-95b8-b7a5c49bd500","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:S0203","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--c5a0e330-ec5a-49cc-95b8-b7a5c49bd500","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:54.633Z","references":[{"source_name":"Symantec Hydraq Jan 2010","url":"https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2010-011114-1830-99"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--e5ad94e4-f136-44d7-8000-7dd607538a7c","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:M1022","predicate":"mitigates","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--e5ad94e4-f136-44d7-8000-7dd607538a7c","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:54.808Z","references":[],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--f52e6fb6-754b-4b48-ab5b-eff0e6233d7d","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:M1018","predicate":"mitigates","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--f52e6fb6-754b-4b48-ab5b-eff0e6233d7d","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:54.931Z","references":[{"source_name":"Amazon S3 Security, 2019","url":"https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/secure-s3-resources/"},{"source_name":"Amazon  AWS Temporary Security Credentials","url":"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_temp.html"},{"source_name":"Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019","url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-security-guide"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1},{"id":"enterprise:relationship--fc2c7ee8-31f1-49f6-afd5-69443db69ab7","subject":"ATTACK:enterprise:S0677","predicate":"uses","object":"ATTACK:enterprise:T1048","asserted_by":"MITRE ATT&CK","source_url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","snapshot":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","evidence_locator":"relationship--fc2c7ee8-31f1-49f6-afd5-69443db69ab7","modified":"2026-09-03T19:46:55.037Z","references":[{"source_name":"AADInternals Documentation","url":"https://o365blog.com/aadinternals"}],"qualification":"Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.","source_occurrences":1}],"source_snapshot":{"file":"enterprise-attack-20.0.json","url":"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json","sha256":"81113ba98afa2928f3dcff62022539f7ce30c315c32e14422f11ff95ce534352","bytes":55271014,"checked_at":"2026-10-16T03:31:39Z"},"notices_url":"https://aol.pm/source-notices.txt","notices":"License\n-------\nThe MITRE Corporation (MITRE) hereby grants you a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use ATT&CK® for research,\ndevelopment, and commercial purposes. Any copy you make for such purposes is authorized provided that you reproduce\nMITRE's copyright designation and this license in any such copy.\n\n\"© 2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation.\"\n\nDisclaimers\n-----------\nMITRE does not claim ATT&CK enumerates all possibilities for the types of actions and behaviors documented as part\nof its adversary model and framework of techniques. Using the information contained within ATT&CK to address or cover\nfull categories of techniques will not guarantee full defensive coverage as there may be undisclosed techniques or\nvariations on existing techniques not documented by ATT&CK.\n\nALL DOCUMENTS AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN ARE PROVIDED ON AN \"AS IS\" BASIS AND THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE\nORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE MITRE CORPORATION, ITS BOARD OF TRUSTEES, OFFICERS,\nAGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES, DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT\nTHE USE OF THE INFORMATION THEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR\nFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.\n"}