Source assertions are not new attribution claims. No sole inventor or transitive actor-CVE inference.
{
  "record": {
    "id": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
    "title": "Digital Certificates",
    "type": "Subtechnique",
    "source_url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004",
    "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
    "status": "active",
    "rights": "Source metadata only; source notices retained; no operational prose or payloads",
    "review_status": "machine-extracted; source-specific checks passed, editorial review pending",
    "stix_id": "attack-pattern--19401639-28d0-4c3c-adcc-bc2ba22f6421",
    "external_id": "T1588.004",
    "domain": "enterprise",
    "created": "2020-10-01T02:14:18.044Z",
    "modified": "2025-10-24T17:48:27.525Z",
    "version": "1.2",
    "aliases": [

    ],
    "tactics": [
      "resource-development"
    ],
    "source_references": [
      {
        "source_name": "DiginotarCompromise",
        "url": "https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon Certificates",
        "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/cobalt-strike-servers"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
        "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
      },
      {
        "source_name": "Let's Encrypt FAQ",
        "url": "https://letsencrypt.org/docs/faq/"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assertions": [
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--0d600c05-c617-46f4-947f-cdd6ca56d494",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:M1056",
      "predicate": "mitigates",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--0d600c05-c617-46f4-947f-cdd6ca56d494",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:05.921Z",
      "references": [

      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--1a2119a2-6a39-4062-b90c-bffd15b259ec",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:G0122",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--1a2119a2-6a39-4062-b90c-bffd15b259ec",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:48:09.092Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Phish Labs Silent Librarian",
          "url": "https://info.phishlabs.com/blog/silent-librarian-more-to-the-story-of-the-iranian-mabna-institute-indictment"
        },
        {
          "source_name": "Secureworks COBALT DICKENS September 2019",
          "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/cobalt-dickens-goes-back-to-school-again"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--36d8e644-f808-436c-84d0-460b2bbf1c9b",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:C0043",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--36d8e644-f808-436c-84d0-460b2bbf1c9b",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:47:22.039Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "RecordedFuture RedEcho 2022",
          "url": "https://go.recordedfuture.com/hubfs/reports/ta-2022-0406.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--41c193c1-8269-4a2e-9ed8-9dd51489a03f",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:G0032",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--41c193c1-8269-4a2e-9ed8-9dd51489a03f",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T20:48:46.659Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "CISA AppleJeus Feb 2021",
          "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-048a"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--4b23ce54-a782-4af5-99bd-8bc59c2893b2",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "predicate": "subtechnique-of",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--4b23ce54-a782-4af5-99bd-8bc59c2893b2",
      "modified": "2026-04-29T14:23:06.028Z",
      "references": [

      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--5063d844-fd04-478e-8812-399ba4e7fa58",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:G1041",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--5063d844-fd04-478e-8812-399ba4e7fa58",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:47:57.552Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Talos Sea Turtle 2019",
          "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/seaturtle/"
        },
        {
          "source_name": "Talos Sea Turtle 2019_2",
          "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/sea-turtle-keeps-on-swimming/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--74cd7fa0-af3f-4f50-ba66-b479b57f8a74",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:G0129",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--74cd7fa0-af3f-4f50-ba66-b479b57f8a74",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:47:52.643Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "EclecticIQ Mustang Panda PlugX",
          "url": "https://blog.eclecticiq.com/mustang-panda-apt-group-uses-european-commission-themed-lure-to-deliver-plugx-malware"
        },
        {
          "source_name": "Google Threat Intelligence Group MUSTANG PANDA PLUGX August 2025",
          "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/prc-nexus-espionage-targets-diplomats"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--970ed37e-d468-40cf-a6c4-b6dfce5a1c4b",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:G1048",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--970ed37e-d468-40cf-a6c4-b6dfce5a1c4b",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:47:53.851Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024",
          "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/uncovering-unc3886-espionage-operations"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--989a5b4d-14d3-4942-8326-91d677e4d38a",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:C0006",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--989a5b4d-14d3-4942-8326-91d677e4d38a",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:47:20.875Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "McAfee Honeybee",
          "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/mcafee-uncovers-operation-honeybee-malicious-document-campaign-targeting-humanitarian-aid-groups/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--b509cd54-97dc-4d27-b632-bcae388e09e6",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:C0047",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--b509cd54-97dc-4d27-b632-bcae388e09e6",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:47:19.756Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Recorded Future RedDelta 2025",
          "url": "https://go.recordedfuture.com/hubfs/reports/cta-cn-2025-0109.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--ea4a70c8-5952-4a61-86a2-bdc801a64dc8",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:G1014",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--ea4a70c8-5952-4a61-86a2-bdc801a64dc8",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:48:15.028Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "Kaspersky LuminousMoth July 2021",
          "url": "https://securelist.com/apt-luminousmoth/103332/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    },
    {
      "id": "enterprise:relationship--ff9691d7-91dd-4549-b997-d5abf327ef1f",
      "subject": "ATTACK:enterprise:G0098",
      "predicate": "uses",
      "object": "ATTACK:enterprise:T1588.004",
      "asserted_by": "MITRE ATT&CK",
      "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "snapshot": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
      "evidence_locator": "relationship--ff9691d7-91dd-4549-b997-d5abf327ef1f",
      "modified": "2026-07-31T18:48:01.846Z",
      "references": [
        {
          "source_name": "ESET PLEAD Malware July 2018",
          "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/07/09/certificates-stolen-taiwanese-tech-companies-plead-malware-campaign/"
        }
      ],
      "qualification": "Source assertion; no new actor identity, alias equivalence, CVE exploitation or causal inference. Procedure prose omitted.",
      "source_occurrences": 1
    }
  ],
  "source_snapshot": {
    "file": "enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
    "url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mitre-attack/attack-stix-data/c2494b29dd268c46a5d0ea0990553e4327cd2253/enterprise-attack/enterprise-attack-20.0.json",
    "sha256": "81113ba98afa2928f3dcff62022539f7ce30c315c32e14422f11ff95ce534352",
    "bytes": 55271014,
    "checked_at": "2026-10-16T03:31:39Z"
  },
  "notices_url": "https://aol.pm/source-notices.txt",
  "notices": "License\n-------\nThe MITRE Corporation (MITRE) hereby grants you a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use ATT&CK® for research,\ndevelopment, and commercial purposes. Any copy you make for such purposes is authorized provided that you reproduce\nMITRE's copyright designation and this license in any such copy.\n\n\"© 2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation.\"\n\nDisclaimers\n-----------\nMITRE does not claim ATT&CK enumerates all possibilities for the types of actions and behaviors documented as part\nof its adversary model and framework of techniques. Using the information contained within ATT&CK to address or cover\nfull categories of techniques will not guarantee full defensive coverage as there may be undisclosed techniques or\nvariations on existing techniques not documented by ATT&CK.\n\nALL DOCUMENTS AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN ARE PROVIDED ON AN \"AS IS\" BASIS AND THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE\nORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE MITRE CORPORATION, ITS BOARD OF TRUSTEES, OFFICERS,\nAGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES, DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT\nTHE USE OF THE INFORMATION THEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR\nFITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.\n"
}

License
-------
The MITRE Corporation (MITRE) hereby grants you a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use ATT&CK® for research,
development, and commercial purposes. Any copy you make for such purposes is authorized provided that you reproduce
MITRE's copyright designation and this license in any such copy.

"© 2026 The MITRE Corporation. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of The MITRE Corporation."

Disclaimers
-----------
MITRE does not claim ATT&CK enumerates all possibilities for the types of actions and behaviors documented as part
of its adversary model and framework of techniques. Using the information contained within ATT&CK to address or cover
full categories of techniques will not guarantee full defensive coverage as there may be undisclosed techniques or
variations on existing techniques not documented by ATT&CK.

ALL DOCUMENTS AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THEREIN ARE PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS AND THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE
ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE MITRE CORPORATION, ITS BOARD OF TRUSTEES, OFFICERS,
AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES, DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT
THE USE OF THE INFORMATION THEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.